Resolution of the Hypoxylon fuscum Complex (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales) and Discovery and Biological Characterization of Two of Its Prominent Secondary Metabolites

Hypoxylon, a large, cosmopolitan genus of Ascomycota is in the focus our current poly-thetic taxonomic studies, and served as an excellent source for bioactive secondary metabolites at same time. The present work concerns survey Hypoxylon fuscum species complex based on specimens from Iran Europe by morphological studies high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry diode array detection (HPLC-MS-DAD). Apart known chemotaxonomic markers like binaphthalene tetrol (BNT) daldinin F, two unprece-dented molecules were detected subsequently isolated purity semi preparative HPLC. Their structures established nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 3′-malonyl-daldinin F (6) pseudofuscochalasin A (4). new derivative 6 showed weak cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells but bactericidal activity. cytochalasin 4 was compared C actin disruption assay using fluorescence microscopy human osteo-sarcoma U2OS cells, revealing comparable activity F-actin being irreversible C. Concurrently, multilocus molecular phylogeny ribosomal proteinogenic nucleotide sequences resulted well-supported clade H. its allies. From comparison morphological, phylogenetic evidence, we introduce eurasiaticum pseudofuscum.